氢气超音速燃烧非定常过程数值模拟

用有限差分法求解二维Ｎ－Ｓ方程和组分守恒方程，使用代数涡粘性湍流模型，两步化学反应模型和ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ时间分裂法，模拟超音速气流中横喷氢气自动着火及火焰传播过程，清晰地描述了喷氢、火焰传播到主流、稳定燃烧过程中，温度、压力、速度和油气当量比的变化。计算结果表明，高温附面层和喷嘴前回流区能促使氢气自动着火，进口气流的静温是火焰向主流传播的重要影响因素。计算还证明了喷嘴后氢与空气两股流呈现平行流动，其间存在着强烈的湍流交换和化学反应边界层，超音速燃烧效率则主要取决于两股气流的混合速率。     

多级压气机非定常流动的数值模拟

进行了多级压气机动静叶片排干扰的三维非定常无粘流动数值模拟研究，采用高分辨率格式求解非定常Euler方程组。对某以级压气机的非定常无粘流场的计算结果表明，即使在不考虑粘性影响的情况下，压气机动静叶排干扰的非定常效应仍然是比较显著的，各叶片排所受到的非定常影响是不相同的，计算得到的叶片表面压力周期性波动的结果可为叶片强度计算提供较为准确的数据。     

俯仰振荡引起的二元高超声速进气道不起动/再起动特性

针对高超声速飞行器受到扰动后俯仰姿态可能会瞬时大幅度改变或振荡的问题,为了分析其对进气道起动/不起动特性的影响,在Ma=4.03条件下对二元高超声速进气道俯仰振荡的流场进行了非定常数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:大幅度俯仰振荡的二元高超声速进气道会出现不起动和再起动现象,进入不起动/再起动状态时的流场特征和性能参数均发生剧烈变化;不同折合频率俯仰动态变化时,进气道的性能参数及流场特征存在明显差异,气动性能存在迟滞现象;折合频率越大,进气道发生不起动时的攻角值越大,再起动时的攻角值越小;折合频率增加到一定程度时,进气道可能出现全程起动或不起动现象,初始攻角将是决定进气道处于全程起动或不起动状态的关键因素。     

真空模拟环境下液体推进剂蒸发特性的试验研究

为研究液体推进剂在真空环境下的蒸发特性,建立了真空环境模拟试验系统。对水、饱和盐水、煤油、酒精和凝胶模拟液等工质进行了蒸发特性试验。通过控制系统实时采集了真空舱的真空度和工质温度。试验中观察到了明显的闪蒸现象。由于闪蒸的存在,工质蒸发过程非常剧烈。最后分析了不同工质在真空环境下的蒸发特性,给出了部分工质的闪蒸参数。     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

基于电子束蒸发沉积的曲面纳米薄膜均匀性研究

半球谐振子金属化是半球谐振陀螺研制过程中的重要环节，针对半球表面薄膜制备均匀性难以实现的问题，提出了一种将薄膜沉积实验和光学模拟相结合的方法。本文采用电子束蒸发技术在半球上沉积Au薄膜，利用台阶仪测量球面上不同位点的薄膜厚度，将平面上的膜厚等效为半球曲面上的膜厚，研究球面薄膜的均匀性，得出了在半球内外表面上薄膜的膜厚分布；同时对薄膜沉积均匀性进行光学模拟，将半球探测器上辐照度等效为实验中沉积所得到的薄膜厚度，计算得出的半球探测器上辐照度分布与实验测量结果一致性较好，可为半球谐振子纳米薄膜的均匀性制备提供理论基础。     

Experimental investigation on static/dynamic characteristics of a fast-response pressure sensitive paint

An optical-based technique using Pressure-Sensitive Paint(PSP) is a promising method to measure the distribution of surface pressure on an aerodynamic model. The static and dynamic characteristics of a fast-response PSP that is developed in the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)are analyzed and tested to serve as the basis for experiments on unsteady surface measurement using a fast-response PSP. Two calibration systems used for this study are set up to investigate the temperature dependency, response time, and resolution. A data processing method, used for dynamic data, is analyzed and selected carefully to determine the optimum signal. Results show that the fastresponse PSP can be used normally at temperatures from 25 ℃ to 80 ℃. The effect of temperature on the accuracy of the measurement must be considered when temperatures are beyond the temperature range of 30–40 ℃. The dynamic calibration device with a solenoid valve can achieve a pressure jump within a millisecond order. The resolution is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the photo-multiplier tube. Results of the measurement show that the response time of the PSP decreases with a large pressure variation, and the response time is below 0.016 s when the pressure variation is under 40 kPa.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.     

High-order implicit discontinuous Galerkin schemes for unsteady compressible Navier–Stokes equations

Efficient solution techniques for high-order temporal and spatial discontinuous Galerkin(DG) discretizations of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are developed. A fourth-order implicit Runge–Kutta(IRK) scheme is applied for the time integration and a multigrid preconditioned GMRES solver is extended to solve the nonlinear system arising from each IRK stage. Several modifications to the implicit solver have been considered to achieve the efficiency enhancement and meantime to reduce the memory requirement. A variety of time-accurate viscous flow simulations are performed to assess the resulting high-order implicit DG methods. The designed order of accuracy for temporal discretization scheme is validate and the present implicit solver shows the superior performance by allowing quite large time step to be used in solving time-implicit systems. Numerical results are in good agreement with the published data and demonstrate the potential advantages of the high-order scheme in gaining both the high accuracy and the high efficiency.     

Low-frequency unsteadiness of vortex wakes over slender bodies at high angle of attack

A type of flow unsteadiness with low frequencies and large amplitude was investigated experimentally for vortex wakes around an ogive-tangent cylinder. The experiments were carried out at angles of attack of 60–80 and subcritical Reynolds numbers of 0.6–1.8×105. The reduced frequencies of the unsteadiness are between 0.038 and 0.072, much less than the frequency of Karman vortex shedding. The unsteady flow induces large fluctuations of sectional side forces. The results of pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry indicate that the flow unsteadiness comes from periodic oscillation of the vortex wakes over the slender body. The time-averaged vortex patterns over the slender body are asymmetric, whose orientation is dependent on azimuthal locations of tip perturbations. Therefore, the vortex oscillation is a type of unsteady oscillation around a time-averaged asymmetric vortex structure.